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Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server was released in early On July 22, , Windows 7 and Windows Server R2 were released as RTM release to manufacturing while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features , Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.
Windows 8 , the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen , which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices.
Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms such as social networks and Microsoft's own OneDrive formerly SkyDrive and Xbox Live services , the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture , and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.
Windows 8 and Windows 8. On September 30, , Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8. It was released on July 29, , and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8.
Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode.
Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8. In February , Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git.
This migration involved 3. In June , shortly before Microsoft's announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will be October 14, On June 24, , Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream.
The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, In July , Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows service in the following month.
It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage , aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser.
The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID pandemic , for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which "employees split their time between the office and home". As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.
Microsoft announced Windows availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel.
Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors , are automatically installed during Windows installation in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel.
Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs. Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows.
Language Interface Packs LIPs are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows XP or later — they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language the language which Windows originally shipped with. This is used for most languages in emerging markets.
Full Language Packs, which translates the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.
They do not require a specific base language, and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but available as optional updates through the Windows Update service except Windows 8. The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.
Windows 8 and Windows Server introduces a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps such as Mail, Maps and News and certain other Microsoft-developed apps such as Remote Desktop.
The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets. Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86 -based personal computer became dominant in the professional world.
Windows dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 known as IA or newer in bit mode. With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture IA , Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts.
Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server ; Windows Server R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture. Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for bit hardware.
Windows CE officially known as Windows Embedded Compact , is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers , like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.
Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles. Shortly after Windows was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot. In Microsoft announced that it would start using Git , an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.
Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage. Version market share As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using Windows, [82] according to StatCounter data from July Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early Including personal computers of all kinds e.
Those statistics do not include servers including so-called cloud computing , where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows , as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.
Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset. These design issues combined with programming errors e. In June , Bruce Schneier 's Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1, new viruses and worms in the previous six months. Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month usually the second Tuesday of the month , although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.
While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, they had no concept of access privileges , and did not allow concurrent access; and so were not true multi-user operating systems.
In addition, they implemented only partial memory protection. They were accordingly widely criticised for lack of security. The Windows NT series of operating systems, by contrast, are true multi-user, and implement absolute memory protection. However, a lot of the advantages of being a true multi-user operating system were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the first user account created during the setup process was an administrator account, which was also the default for new accounts.
Though Windows XP did have limited accounts, the majority of home users did not change to an account type with fewer rights — partially due to the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights — and so most home users ran as administrator all the time.
Windows Vista changes this [95] by introducing a privilege elevation system called User Account Control. When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive.
User applications, including the Windows shell , are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group , start the process using the unrestricted token.
Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks , codenamed Vault 7 and dated from to , detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare, [97] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.
In August , computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability , CVE - , that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program's Remote Desktop Protocol , allowing for the possibility of remote code execution , may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue , affecting newer Windows versions i. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used.
This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. Owing to the operating system's popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box.
These include:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Family of computer operating systems developed by Microsoft. For the part of a building, see Window. For other uses, see Windows disambiguation. This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative. Main article: History of Microsoft Windows. See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions. Main articles: Windows 1. Main articles: Windows 3. Main article: Windows NT. Main articles: Windows NT 3. Main article: Windows XP. Main article: Windows Vista. Main article: Windows 7. Main articles: Windows 8 and Windows 8. Main article: Windows There is, however, a way to filter out the messages you have no interest in.
You can also just head straight to the settings screen by searching 'notification and actions' in the search bar. We're not a fan of some of the data-sharing defaults in Windows 10, and we'd recommend all users review them periodically. Use the Start Menu to search for and run the Settings app, then click Privacy. In the left-hand pane, you'll see many areas where your computer might be sharing data. It's worth spending time checking that you're comfortable with allowing apps to use your computer's camera, microphone, account information and so on, and where you are, checking that no surprise apps appear in the lists.
Check that you're happy with the default behaviour, which is to enable Cloud-based detection and Automatic sample submission. Many people are uncomfortable with the idea of Wi-Fi Sense, which is designed to get you onto wireless networks more quickly. We'd strongly recommend turning off Connect to suggested open hotspots, connect to networks shared by my contacts, and disabling the button under Paid Wi-Fi services if it's present.
Additionally, Wi-Fi Sense might result in the sharing of your network's wireless credentials among devices you don't control and allow a guest to log in and their contacts - and potentially theirs in turn - may also be able to. We'd recommend confining guests to a guest wireless network, configuring your own devices not to use Wi-Fi Sense, and asking staff to do the same before allowing their Windows 10 devices onto the main wireless network.
Safe Mode can be a life-saver in many system-critical problem situations, especially when your device is finding it difficult to start correctly. What you can try is to boot into Windows first, and then restart the device by pressing the left Shift key. If you ever want to get rid of the Safe Mode entry, you can do it easily by returning here and deleting it. To turn this on, it must be enabled manually using Control Panel.
Search for Create a restore point and click on the first result to open the System Properties page. Click the Apply button and then the OK button. Once this is done, Windows 10 will always create a restore point when applying a new update or when particular system changes are carried out. Have you ever updated your PC just to find that all of your files, which you had personally set to open alongside specific apps, had been reverted to Windows default settings, making you use a Windows-native app instead of your preferred third-party alternative?
However, instead of attempting to set up all your file associations from scratch, you can restore your settings with this easy solution:. Firstly, open Windows 10's Settings app, so that you can try this fix on an example of a music-streaming application. For example, when it comes to music, or MP3 files, you can adjust it so that your device automatically plays it in Windows Media Player, as opposed to Groove Music, which is the default audio player software application included in Windows 8 , Windows 8.
What is more, this capability makes it possible to tailor your choice of app to the type of file extension you want it to open. This helps to improve your Windows experience as well as make it customised to your unique needs.
Select Wi-Fi and then Advanced Options. Click "Set as metered connection" to on, and Windows will stop fetching non-essential data in the background, such as app updates and Start screen tile updates.
Then look for Country or region and make sure that it displays United Kingdom, before checking that the correct language is selected in Languages. On this page, double check that the keyboard is also correct, and if it is wrong then choose the correct one - but also make sure you get rid of the wrong one. In the Windows display language, it might show as Enabled or Available. If it shows as Available then select Make this the primary language.
Once again, hit the back arrow to go back to language preferences. Additionally, Internet Explorer is included in the OS. Like Google Chrome , the Edge browser is built on the Chromium platform. This fundamental aspect has made the Edge browser in the Windows 10 update the quickest internet browser that they have created. Microsoft progressively updates important aspects within the browser: the sync settings across devices.
There is a lengthy amount of extensions available within the web browsing application. Go to the Microsoft Edge extension page to scroll through and choose the preferred extensions. Users have the option to choose from a list of add-ons that are curated by the Microsoft team. The Google Chrome store is another resource that the Microsoft community can refer to for extension options. To activate an add-on, you just click on the toggle bar next to the title.
When the button is blue, then the apps are active within the browser: AdBlock , Zoom , etc. You can personalize the Edge app with free and easily accessible extensions. By pressing on the Alt and Tab keys at the same time, the active internet tabs will appear on the same screen to allow people to easily navigate through them.
If users do not like this setting, then they are able to disable the feature within the settings. From within the dropdown, you can customize this action by selecting whether they want all, five, three, or none of the tabs in the Edge browser to open with the other windows on the device. Microsoft Windows 10 Home is not as secure as the Windows 10 Pro version. By opting for the Home version, people are excluded from BitLocker device encryption and Windows Information Protection.
The new task bar includes an icon for the phones that are connected to the Microsoft accounts. While Windows 10 offers users a multitude of interesting features, the fundamental software requires more attention. Imperative features like syncing capabilities can be released slowly. And, if you're worried about if you can upgrade to Windows 11 if you already got WIndows 10 for free, well, it's just as easy and painless. Your upgrade to Windows 10 will give you a digital entitlement to Windows, which means if your hardware fits Microsoft's requirements to run Windows 11, you can download Windows 11 at any time for no extra cost.
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